Table 1 The summarize of herbal medicine for epilepsy from TCM
Herbs | Chinese Name | Sources | Main active components | Extracting method | Animal models | Possible targets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gastrodiae Rhizoma | Tianma | Dried tuber | Water extract; Gastrodin | Five kilograms of Gastrodiae Rhizoma were extracted twice with 35 and 25 L of water by boiling for 1 h and 50 min, respectively | (1) KA model (2) Pilocarpine model (3) PTZ model | (1) JNK signaling pathway (2) Voltage gated sodium channel 1.6 (Nav1.6) (3) Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signal pathway (4) GABAA receptor α1 subunit |
Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis | Gouteng | Dry hooked stem and branch | Extract; Rhynchophylline | Eight kilograms of crude Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis was extracted with 64Â kg of 70% alcohol by boiling for 35Â min | (1) KA model (2) Pilocarpine model | (1) Toll-like receptors (2) Neurotrophin signaling pathway (3) Nav1.6 (4) NMDA receptor |
Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma | Shichangpu | Rhizome | α-asarone; Eudesmin | NA | (1) PTZ model (2) KA model (3) MES model | (1) GABAA receptors (2) Metabolomic level (3) Caspase-3 |
Bupeuri Radix | Chaihu | Dry root | Saikosaponin A | NA | (1) Pilocarpine model (2) PTZ model | (1) NMDA receptor (2) K+ channel-interacting proteins and Kv4.2 (3) p-mTOR/p-70S6k pathway (4) Glutamate transportors |
Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma | Danshen | Dry root and rhizome | Tanshinone IIA; Salvianolic acid B | NA | (1) PTZ model on zebrafish (2) 6-Hz electrical stimulation model (3) PTZ model (4) Chronic spontaneous model | (1) Caspase-3 (2) Akt/CREB/BDNF signal pathway |
Scutellariae Radix | Huangqin | Dry root | Baicalin; Baicalein | NA | (1) Pilocarpine-model (2) PTZ model | (1) Oxidative stress mediators (2) TLR4/MyD88/Caspase-3 pathway (3) A1 astrocytes (4) ferroptosis |
Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma | Renshen | Root and rhizome | Extract; Ginsenoside; Gintonin | Freeze-dried butanol extract | (1) pilocarpine model (2) PTZ model (3) Pilocarpine model (4) KA model | (1) GABAA receptor (2) Inflammatory and oxidant activities |
Curcumae Longae Rhizoma | Jianghuang | Dry rhizome | Extract; Curcumin | Obtained by subjecting 4 × 100 g of turmeric to hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h | (1) PTZ model on zebrafish (2) KA model (3) PTZ model (4) FeCl3-induced epileptic medel (5) Pilocarpine model (6) Current electroshock seizures (ICES) model | (1) Malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite and nitrate (2) Inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α (3) Short-term glucose brain hypometabolism (4) Ion channel (CACNA1A and GABRD) protein |