Fig. 1

Mechanisms through which berberine treats breast cancer involve modulation of the XRCC1 enzyme in BER. Berberine can activate a cascade of transcription factors via AMPK signaling pathway, leading to upregulation of XRCC1 gene expression. Additionally, it facilitates the role of XRCC1 in the repair process by means of NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, it indirectly enhances XRCC1 activity by mitigating oxidative stress-induced DNA damage