Fig. 1

Comparison of total polysaccharides (A), major monosaccharides (B), and total polyphenols (C) in DEN from different species s, alongside the alterations in the levels of total polysaccharides (D) and total polyphenols (E) subsequent to the fermentation of DEN using fecal slurry from db/db mice. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001